Something of Everything

In SP-16, Design charts for combined axial compression and bending are given in the form of interaction diagrams in which curves for Pu/fckbD versus Mu/fckbD² are plotted for different values of p/fck, where p is the reinforcement percentage. Charts for rectangular sections have been given for reinforcement equally distributed on two sides (charts 27 to 38) & for reinforcement equally distributed on four sides (charts 39 to 50).  In STAAD Pro, during design of a concrete column member using IS456 code, user can specify the face of the column for longitudinal bar arrangement using the RFACE parameter.  There are three options,  RFACE 2 - reinforcement shall be placed along the 2 edges parallel to local Z axis RFACE 3 - reinforcement shall be placed along the 2 edges parallel to local Y axis RFACE 4 - reinforcement shall be placed on four sides Now, let us under stand the local Y and Z axis of member.  In STAAD Pro Property window is being seen as below: As you can see, YD is depth

Difference between Lap Length and Development Length  is as below Lap Length - Lap length is provided to safely transfer load of one reinforcement to another. Lap length is provided such that load is taken by the lap sufficiently enough that no bars lapped fails.  As reinforcement is available in max. length of approx. 11m, there comes the need of lapping of  reinforcement in structural members.  Lap length is to be given as per SP-16. Lap length is different for tension bars as well as compression bard.  Development Length - Development Length or anchorage length is provided to transfer the load from reinforcement to concrete safely.  As per IS 456:2000, the calculated tension or compression in any reinforcement at any section needs to be safely transferred to concrete by anchorage So that the member should not be come away from the support. Anchorage length needs to be provided at all the supports. 

Chequered plates are steel flooring used in industrial structures. Normally the maximum spacing of chequered plates are between 1 metre to 1.2 metre.  Chequered plate thickness is measured excluding the chequeres. That is to say 6mm thick chequred plate means 6 thick plate with chequres above it. Hence the weight of chequred plate comes higher as compared to plain plates. Weight of chequeres are approximately 6.1 kg/m² over and above the plate weight.  Dead weight of chequered plates are as below.  5mm thick chequred plate weight = 45.35 kg/m² 6mm thick chequred plate weight = 53.2 kg/m² 7mm thick chequred plate weight = 61.05 kg/m² 8mm thick chequred plate weight = 68.9 kg/m² 10mm thick chequred plate weight = 84.6 kg/m² 12mm thick chequred plate weight = 100.3 kg/m² Weight of chequered plate (kg/m²)= thickness (m) x 7.85 (kg/m³) + 6.1 If you want to find weight of total plate to be used in project, then Total weight of chequered plate (kg) = Length (m) x Width (m) x (Thickness (m) x